classic six decades of New China Events
China’s first satellite model, was born in the Chinese Academy of Sciences
October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union put the first satellite of human into space, we attached great importance the CPC Central Committee, in charge of science and technology, Nie Rongzhen Deputy Prime Minister (hereinafter referred to Nie total) to my account, to pay close attention to the situation Academy of Sciences . Impact and Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of mechanical Qian, Zhao, director of Geophysics, IX and other proposals to carry out China’s satellite research. School party of that: it is a matter of national defense and the people of peace and tranquility of the top priority, end, step up to do two tasks:
First, out of the country’s first satellite planning. Academy of the former Soviet Union should be required, from October 1957, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geophysics, National Geophysical Committee, a nationwide organization of the Soviet satellite, and the establishment of satellite optical observation group and the group of radio observations. First in Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Kunming and other places set up observation stations in 1958 to 12 years of development. Wu, vice president of training in accordance with the requirements, preparations for the Chen Fangyun Electronics and several other scientists optional subject, made a radio signal receiving device, not only able to receive satellite radio signals to ground-launched and frequency changes, and can calculate its orbit, supposedly what it may be some inside. I had invited the scientists discussion. Scientists believe that satellite is a very complex work, from the “task with discipline” to consider, and may trigger the development of many emerging technologies. Satellites can be used by the military can. Academy of Sciences to accelerate the use of existing research base, combined with the five branches of the Ministry of Defence and other departments of the force brothers, with a few years time, China can satellite into space. They also suggested that Science should be a key task for the satellite. Therefore, the Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences as a party to the development of satellite first major task in 1958, secret code name for the task 581.
May 17, 1958, Mao Zedong
East Second Session of the President of the eight proposed: “We Have to Do satellites.” Nie always instructed me and the five branches of the Ministry of Defence (hereinafter referred to as the five branches) Wang Zheng satellite organizations such as the development of planning experts. June, Academy of Sciences mobilization meeting held in the Great Leap Forward, the scientists developed an active advocate satellite. July, Chinese Academy of Sciences report to the General Nie, my satellite three-step plan: first sounding rocket launch, second launch small satellites, the third largest satellite launch. Division of tasks is: Rocket to the five branches of the main short and satellite exploration and observation of work to Science-based and well coordinated. Asked bitterly for three years to achieve our first satellite into space.
Second, and made China’s first satellite model. To achieve planning tasks, Chinese Academy of Sciences established a 581 group, specializing in satellite problem. 581 Team Leader is Qian, deputy head of the nine chapters is Zhao, Qing Wei 1, members Yanggang Yi, Wu Ruyang, Germany Huan Gu, Hua Shoujun so. Separate technical group chaired by the Qian and Zhao IX. 581 group meetings regularly to participate in a nine Lu Yuan, Yang Jiachi, Chen Fangyun, Lu Baowei, Ma Dayou, Sun Xiang, Sun Jian, Wang, Wu few Kang, Shi Lvji so. This work is very tight time grasp, 7,8,9 for three months, Unit 581, 2 to 3 times per week will be open and I Pei Lisheng, Sheng Du, Wang Zheng, Wang Shiguang, Luo Peilin, Qian very, Cai Qiao and many other time to attend their meetings.
At the same time, Chinese Academy of Sciences has set up three Design Institute: Design Institute is responsible for the first satellite design and development of the rocket in order to facilitate cooperation with Shanghai, in November moved to Shanghai and renamed as Shanghai Mechanical & Electrical Design Institute; second Design Institute for Development control system, three laboratory, business direction, are the attitude control system simulation, remote telemetry and control moving objects; Third Design Institute is responsible for sounding instrument development and study the space environment, Zhao nine chapters, Qian Ji as a technology leader.
581 group day and night, worked hard, hard work more than two months outside of the hospital through collaboration of 31 units, completed a preliminary design and launch vehicle structures and produced containing a variety of detection equipment and high-altitude environment, the two animal tanks sounding rocket head model for self-development of China’s space undertakings taken a welcome first step. Chinese Academy of Sciences in October 1958 the exhibition of achievements leap confidentiality Museum, exhibition of satellite and rocket design and models, including those with scientific instruments and two sounding rocket dog head model. Party and state leaders Mao Zedong
East President and so on to visit a great impact.
Vigorously together and train personnel to actively seek foreign aid
Satellite technology is cutting-edge technologies. If you master it, can make China’s science and technology to achieve new leaps. However, we should do out satellites, but also not easy. I think the hospital party should do: First, gather and cultivate strong talent, and second, to actively seek foreign aid. Party agreed to this view, consensus.
Personnel issues, on the one hand is to increase the scientific and technical personnel, on the other hand is equipped with laboratory and factory occupations. Source of skilled workers, we asked to help Academy of PLA General Political Department deployed 8,000 young soldiers demobilized technology; Please support our Minister of Railways Lu Zhengcao number of older workers by 1959 and assigned to the plant. Later, they are in financial difficulties, according to central policy, the majority of demobilized soldiers returning home were streamlined. Commitment to national defense because of a necessary production tasks, with special approval, only then a number have been trained in the trial, the production technology of demobilized soldiers retained technology. Technology to design the apparatus, equipment needed to do the master workers out of their days and nights, without remuneration, to overcome the difficulties, time to complete the task. I boast that they are gold craft, they are very happy.
Scientists rely on the national distribution of students was not enough. School party on the study early in 1958 to take “all Yuanban school, the combined system” approach, in order to run a new subject-based University – China University of Science and Technology. May report, in June approved in August enrollment. Schools have not been available, fire imminent. I find the time to Comrade Gu Yu, director of the yang of the Central Office to support the request. Yang Shangkun the central Beijing Yuquan Road under the jurisdiction of a military capacity for premises granted to the University. I go to that place with the President Guo, a major general has met at the gate. He did not wait for our opening, said: “I understand his intentions, and we act now, soon be vacated.” Dormitory enough, Li Fuchun, Vice Prime Minister granted to the tens of thousands of square meters of school buildings and dormitories, the University of Science and Technology of China, to school on time . I see an innocent face, carrying blankets, or Dan Zhao burden from the Beijing Railway Station, walk to the scene to report Yuquan Road, heart extremely happy. Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences set up a series of courses on space technology, including Qian stresses “overview of interstellar travel,” Zhao IX stresses “Aeronomy”, Lu Yuan nine stresses “principle of gyroscope and inertial navigation,” and so on, then these Students become the backbone of China’s aerospace science and technology.
Actively seek foreign aid, mainly the former Soviet Union for assistance. In mid-October 1958, Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences organized a delegation to visit the Soviet Union, headed by Zhao nine chapters, members of the health of a clear, Qian Ji, Pan Ren so thick. I remember a Sunday to Geophysics, in order to race against time, I Zhaosuo Zhang said: “stay away, today is Sunday, left the day after tomorrow.” In the Soviet period, they visited a number of research units, to see some upper air sounding equipment and technology at the Exhibition Gallery of the satellite model, investigated a number of astronomy, ionosphere, ground observation stations. 1959 the delegation returned, at the conclusion of that artificial earth satellite launch in China do not yet have the conditions, should be based on our actual situation, start sounding rockets huh. This recommendation is in line with their central government was working on the satellite instructions.
Politburo Bo Jukuan support the Academy of Sciences working in the satellite
In 1958, the former Soviet Union and the United States have launched Sputnik, we strongly suggest that the Chinese Academy of Sciences of the scientists engaged in man-made Earth satellite development work. July 1958, in September, I have twice the total and central reporting to the NIE scientists recommendations and make the Academy work with the defense advanced research and development of artificial earth satellite report.
In particular, in November 1958, I, as alternate members to participate in Wuchang in the eighth during the sixth plenary session, the scientists reported to the Central Committee views on the development of satellites and plans endorsed by the meeting, the Central Political Bureau decided to allocate research and 200 million earmarked to support Academy of Sciences working in the satellite. Shortly after the founding of new China was the country in all aspects of the place a lot of money, can come up with such a huge sum of money, and no one can draw is that heavy Dian weight.
How to use the money, how flowers to the point? Academy of Sciences party, after careful consultation with the views of scientists carefully studied to determine: key to building urgently needed funds for high-energy fuel, rocket engines and two of Shanghai Mechanical & Electrical Design Institute launch vehicle design testing base, and the acoustic station, wind tunnel, 581 laboratories, 109 Factory, Shanghai, Dalian, Changchun, high-energy fuel Research and electronics, automation, high temperature metals, optical and other supporting factories 4. I specially requested the Office of New Technology Institute (later renamed the New Technology Agency) Gu Yu Coordination Division Ministry of Culture, after Deputy Prime Minister Li Xiannian instructions, the central end of the year special fund in place.
Taking into account the development of the rocket thrust to the satellite constraints, Qian advocated ahead Academy of Sciences to study high-energy fuel. 1958, Academy of Sciences convened a high-energy fuel conference, organized in Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Changchun, four of Chemistry, dubbed “four big families” of crack to carry out the liquid, solid high-energy fuel development, and to explore the liquid-based, free radical and heavy hydrogen fuel. With the special fund, from 1959 onwards, Beijing rocket engine test base mechanics of the wind tunnel, rocket Shanghai Mechanical & Electrical Design Institute, Beijing 581 factory remote control devices, 109 semiconductor plant research facilities, have all built up.
At this point, I always recommend to the NIE approach to walking on two legs, namely, the five branches of Li Yong former Soviet Union data Hu Yi Ban fuel rocket the same time, You Shi Academy of Fa Hui comprehensive study relies entirely on its own Tansuo innovative, high-energy fuels from the start Kaifayanzhi rocket, as the five branches of the supplement has been agreed with the general Nie.
Mechanics 2 hosted by a Dr Johnson, in Beijing, with the magnitude of the two mountains into the liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen rocket engine (interplanetary voyages carrying power) test platform for the successful development of the chemical by several kinds of liquid and solid bench test the fuel, according to records made a total of 100 times the engine bench test, a success. The equipment test records available to the scientific data and design units. By National Defense Science and Technology Commission requirements, all test data and the data transferred to the Ministry of seven aircraft, high-energy fuel production with the supply of the industrial sector.
National three-year economic difficulties, plans satellite launch delayed
Satellite to God, to do a lot of work. One difficult thing is to develop all of the above equipment installed in the satellite, to build a platform on the ground, simulated high altitude vacuum environment, where devices operate in the first test well; send biological heaven, but also in Beijing at high altitude simulation experiments, that is how the satellite into space after the equipment running, the vacuum conditions on the ground, all the instruments, biological, etc., have to go to trial. Together with satellite body, things like the instruments. Such as thermal control: run-time satellite in the air, sunny surface temperature above 100 degrees Celsius, a rear as low as minus 100 degrees Celsius below the equipment must be kept at minus 5 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees on a range of zero to work properly. Mechanics rising star, and later served as president of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology, etc. Min Guirong through a large number of measurements, testing, calculations and theoretical analysis, using both the multi-temperature coating developed, so that the cabin temperature of the whole apparatus design requirements.
Central IPCC decision, Academy of satellite missions to undertake, development of satellite body mainly by the Academy of Sciences. Academy also organized with the relevant departments. Need to carry out research work in many non-standard equipment. For example, ground simulation vacuum experimental equipment, to help make up the departments concerned, we can test the ground, but also in vacuum tests. Academy of Sciences in Beijing, we also established a scientific instrument factory, as a satellite assembly plants of foreign exchange at that time Academy is limited, we spent a good foreign exchange to purchase equipment on the scientific instrument factory, this factory can do a lot of good things.
As the three-year economic difficulties, the two Central Committee, Vice Premier Chen Yun and Deng Xiaoping were said to me: “satellite would also like to engage, but to be postponed, because of national economic difficulties.” January 21, 1959, my hospital party meeting conveyed instructions of the Central Committee General Secretary Deng Xiaoping: “satellite next year and hold incompatible with the national strength.”
Subsequently, the Court party meeting, adjustment of space technology program that “changes thigh leg, satellite become sounding,” we decided to adjust the body to stop the development of large rockets and satellites, the focus turned to development of sounding rockets up. This adjustment is not mandate dismount, but is laying the foundation, start with the development of sounding rockets to clear the way to carry out high-altitude exploration activities; the same time to carry out the individual satellite technology, as well as measurement, test equipment development, the development of China’s spacecraft technology and to prepare the ground monitoring and control technologies.
School party to the specific policy is “to sounding rocket training, high altitude lay a foundation of physical exploration, continuing to explore satellite development, build the space environment simulation chamber.” First of all, concentrate on developing practical T-7 type of meteorological rocket, the same time, and the five branches of cooperation in the development of peace on the 1st sounding rocket. May 4, 1959, Qian hosted collaborative division of labor peace on the 1st session of the rocket, the telemetry system, the arrow on the instrument, structural design, ballistic measurement, problems linked with the range and made concrete arrangements. Attended by the five branches of Ping-Yen Liu, Liang Shou-disc, etc., Science and valleys Yu, Zhao nine chapters, etc..
Focus on the development of sounding rockets for satellite open
April 1961 the former Soviet Union manned spacecraft into space, causing our industry and defense sector of great concern. Chinese Academy of Sciences organized a forum on space flight, presided over by the Pei Lisheng, vice president, each time by an expert speak on a topic. June 3 the first discussion was chaired by Qian, entitled “Today the Soviet Union and the United States in rocket powered space flight and its prospects,” the center of speech; the second time by the Zhao Jiuzhang stresses “scientific exploration and meteorological satellites, rocket measurements . ” Each center has spoken, they have invited scientists expressed their opinions freely. People come to a consensus, working in the satellite, the missile is actually interacts with each other role, the satellite and the rocket needed to launch the missile speed is one thing. We also launch a satellite is two or three rockets had different views of the lively discussion. Later reports have discussed the satellite communications and monitoring, satellite body temperature control and other science and technology. Continuation of the forum 3 years, were held 12 times, and made many useful ideas and suggestions, not only active in academic thinking, but also the satellite was launched to provide the knowledge reserves.
T-7 type of meteorological rocket is a 60-80 km below the detection of atmospheric temperature, pressure, wind direction, wind speed and space exploration systems. Small but complete. Including launch vehicles, aircraft, energy, antenna, detection equipment, environment simulation testing, ground-launched, telemetry, tracking test track, time and data recording processing unified all subsystems.
Electrical Design Institute in Shanghai, Yang Nansheng launch vehicle, under the auspices of the completion of Wang Xi quarter. Test up to 9.8 km altitude. May 28, 1960, Mao
President, New Technology Exhibition Shanghai Yang Shangkun until cutting-edge technology exhibition halls of the T-7M rockets. When the report is not the Soviet Union experts, information and experts in design and development on their own made, the gross
President even claimed that good, and asked how high the rocket can fly, the answer can fly 8 km, Mao
The Chairman said: “8 km that’s great!” “Should be 8 km, 20 km, 200 km, go out!”
In March 1960 for the development of rockets, Academy of Sciences established a code for the 603 test base rocket launch. Where a successful series of sounding rockets and the solid booster rocket up the non-control test, the first rocket length of 10 meters, diameter of 0.45 meters, takeoff weight of 1,138 kg, 25 kg portable detection equipment, design maximum altitude of 60 km, September 13, 1960 the first successful launch. Later improved on this basis increase, the maximum altitude of 115 kilometers, arrow, rocket body, with a parachute recovery were separated not only meet the meteorological observation, but also biological and geophysical exploration to create high-altitude conditions.
1960 -1 965 bases in 603, only the T-7 rocket carried a 9 on the batch of 24 high-altitude scientific tests of the hair. The success of which many have experienced failure. Once I and Qian at the scene, they witnessed the failure of the scene, the mood was very heavy. However, after testing we have not only obtained information on upper atmospheric winds, also conducted high-altitude high-altitude biology and medical research. Arrows on the remote control and camera system to normal biological compartment safely recovered, as in cosmic biology and biological engineering opened the first of its kind to protect. To this end the five branches of Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Defense sent a letter to congratulate the biological rocket test success!
Chinese Academy of Sciences around the meteorology, physics, biology and other high-altitude research rocket exploration objectives, organization hospital-wide math, physics, chemistry, heaven, earth, health, technical sciences and other disciplines work together to research, design, technology, manufacturing, testing and many other combined operations, which in China is unprecedented in the history of science and technology. The unified leadership of the party in hospital under after seven years of unremitting efforts, particularly in the three-year economic conditions of extreme difficulty, enough to eat, malnutrition, many scientific and technical personnel and workers swollen body, and their selfless work, excellent realized concentrate development of sounding rockets for satellite into space made full preparations. Meanwhile, the training and tempering of a space science and technology, our own backbone, accumulated from the general design, organizational plan, construction of experimental conditions, sub-systems coordination, quality analysis, traffic control and other satellite technology project experience. At the same time, the new Academy of Sciences and Technology Bureau in accordance with the requirements of the Party Group of Hospitals, the Institute organized a series prepared for the satellite and pre-research work. Practice shows that this adjustment is absolutely necessary.
six years of New China, classical Events
six years of New China, classical Events
